Mobile and wireless communication systems have evolved from FM-based analog cellular system via TDMA and CDMA-based second-generation digital systems to 3GPP/3GPP2 and LTE-based standard of third/fourth-generation. International Telecommunication Union’s fourth-generation standards use Internet Protocol Architecture-based 4G communication systems to support unprecedented number of smart and heterogeneous wireless devices. These developments further strengthen the path for a more robust upcoming 5G mobile and wireless communication systems, capable of handling transmission rates up to 10 Gbps of peak data with 8~10 bps/Hz/cell. These latest wireless standards require a mix of new system concepts to boost spectral efficiency, energy efficiency and the network design using the potential of MIMO technologies, green communications and cooperative communications. Thus, such requirements of simultaneous management of multiple technologies in the same limited spectrum open a new challenge to network researchers to innovate working platforms for newer smartphones, advanced mobile devices of WLANs and Internet of Things (IOT) applications.
In this issue, the first three papers focus on the challenges and the research being attempted in the area of high speed wired and optical networks to evaluate their performance and management. The last paper focuses on the advanced electronic devices involved in high speed signal conditioning electronics and control circuitry.
In a wireless network, an early handoff load balancing scheme seems to be suitable to coordinate with various Call Admission Control (CAC) schemes, thereby enhancing the network performance. The first paper, “Prediction-Based Early Handoff Scheme for Data Transmission in Wireless Networks Using Enhanced DMTBR“, by Shraddha S Kute, Rajendra D Kanphade and Gayatri Ambadkar, proposes a load adjusting plan that empowers serving exchanges to adjust the heavy load in a base station with the other base stations placed in remote cell frameworks to enhance the network performance. The proposed strategy diminishes the new call blocking probability and handoff call dropping probability to improve the resource utilization of remote frameworks. The effectiveness of load balancing through Dynamic Multiple-Threshold Bandwidth Reservation (DMTBR) scheme has been discussed and simulated to improve the call affirmation control function.
The demand for high speed networks has significantly increased to meet the need for new standards and technologies. Such high speed networks work efficiently under appropriate routing technique and network management strategies. The second paper, “An Analysis of Static and Dynamic Routing Techniques Based on Various Network Performance Parameters“, by Veenu and Himanshi Saini, investigates the performance of static and dynamic routing techniques in wired networks. The paper reports the effect of variations of bandwidth and number of nodes on the network performance over a wide range of operating parameters.
In a high performance network, to further enhance the capacity, an optical fiber-based Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) system is used. Theoretically, fibers have extremely large bandwidths which can be exploited using WDM/DWDM systems. The third paper, “A Comparative Simulative Performance Analysis of WDM System Using Different Modulation Formats“, by Jyoti and Kuldeep Singh, reports performance analysis of 4-and 8-channel WDM optical network working at data rates of 20 Gbps using various modulation formats. The system has been optimized using dispersion compensating fibers to ensure an acceptable BER for the considered WDM systems.
The use of electronic devices is increasing day-by-day in the form of static and dynamic devices in high speed signal conditioning circuits under the efficient energy consumption constraint. As per the technology roadmap for semiconductors, the reduction in power consumption of the MOSFETs used in today’s electronic circuits is now approaching the fundamental limit and opens a new opportunity to design and develop such high speed energy-efficient devices. The last paper, “An Investigation into Enhancing the Gate Electric Field of TFET“, by Seema Dahiya, Pawan Kumar Singh and Ritu Jangra, presents the study and analysis of an enhanced gate electric field TFET device and proposes an improvement in SS and drain current by applying a synthetic electric field to the Hetero Junction TFET (Het JTFET).
Automated Teller Machines (ATMs): The Changing Face of Banking in India
Bank Management
Information and communication technology has changed the way in which banks provide services to its customers. These days the customers are able to perform their routine banking transactions without even entering the bank premises. ATM is one such development in recent years, which provides remote banking services all over the world, including India. This paper analyzes the development of this self-service banking in India based on the secondary data.
The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is playing a very important role in the progress and advancement in almost all walks of life. The deregulated environment has provided an opportunity to restructure the means and methods of delivery of services in many areas, including the banking sector. The ICT has been a focused issue in the past two decades in Indian banking. In fact, ICTs are enabling the banks to change the way in which they are functioning. Improved customer service has become very important for the very survival and growth of banking sector in the reforms era. The technological advancements, deregulations, and intense competition due to the entry of private sector and foreign banks have altered the face of banking from one of mere intermediation to one of provider of quick, efficient and customer-friendly services. With the introduction and adoption of ICT in the banking sector, the customers are fast moving away from the traditional branch banking system to the convenient and comfort of virtual banking. The most important virtual banking services are phone banking, mobile banking, Internet banking and ATM banking. These electronic channels have enhanced the delivery of banking services accurately and efficiently to the customers. The ATMs are an important part of a bank’s alternative channel to reach the customers, to showcase products and services and to create brand awareness. This is reflected in the increase in the number of ATMs all over the world. ATM is one of the most widely used remote banking services all over the world, including India. This paper analyzes the growth of ATMs of different bank groups in India.
International Scenario
If ATMs are largely available over geographically dispersed areas, the benefit from using an ATM will increase as customers will be able to access their bank accounts from any geographic location. This would imply that the value of an ATM network increases with the number of available ATM locations, and the value of a bank network to a customer will be determined in part by the final network size of the banking system. The statistical information on the growth of branches and ATM network in select countries.
Indian Scenario
The financial services industry in India has witnessed a phenomenal growth, diversification and specialization since the initiation of financial sector reforms in 1991. Greater customer orientation is the only way to retain customer loyalty and withstand competition in the liberalized world. In a market-driven strategy of development, customer preference is of paramount importance in any economy. Gone are the days when customers used to come to the doorsteps of banks. Now the banks are required to chase the customers; only those banks which are customercentric and extremely focused on the needs of their clients can succeed in their business today.
