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The IUP Journal of Life Sciences


May' 07
Focus Areas
  • Anatomy

  • Cellular Biology

  • Physiology

  • Ecology

  • Environmental Biology

  • Evolution

  • Evolutionary Biology

  • Genetics

  • Molecular Biology

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A Study on Antibacterial Effect of Secondary Metabolites of Some Indian Medicinal Plants
Sex Ratio, Fecundity, Maturity and Spawning Details of Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton) from Gosthani Estuary Near Visakhapatnam
Some Specific Aspects of Leaf Physiology of the Unique Inland Mangrove Avicennia officinalis L. Vegetation of Kachchh Dist., India
Impairment of Immunoadhesion of Molluscan Hemocytes Exposed to Azadirachtin
Trace Metal (Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu) Accumulation in Green and Brown Algae
Sex Determination Mechanisms Encountered in Invertebrates: A Short Review Based on Three Model Organisms
Impact of Mangrove Leaves on Meiofaunal Density: An Experimental Approach
Antibacterial Activity of the Crude Leaf and Stem Bark Extracts of Alstonia venenata
Antibacterial activity of Ethanol Extracts and Total Alkaloids of Datura stramonium and Ruta graveolens
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A Study on Antibacterial Effect of Secondary Metabolites of Some Indian Medicinal Plants

-- Bharat V Gami, Farzin M Parabia and I L Kothari

Comparative studies on the antibacterial properties of extracts obtained from medicinal plants were carried out by two different methods. The plants selected were Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (fruit-Euphorbiaceae), Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. (rhizome-Papilionaceae), Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (whole plant-Compositae), Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Micrs (stem-Meninspermaceae), Asparagus racemosus Willd. (root-Liliaceae) and Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (whole plant, Apiaceae). The solvents used were petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and water. The antibacterial screening was conducted by agar-well diffusion method against nine bacterial strains. The most active extracts were compared by Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and their chemical constituents were separated through High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The separated plant metabolites on HPTLC plate were again evaluated for antibacterial property through bioautography. The results obtained indicated that the chloroform extracts were most active against tested bacterial strains. Chemical nature of the separated active antibacterial compounds through HPTLC was detected by various detecting reagents and marked by corresponding Rf values. The qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out for active extracts for the presence of falvonoids, terpenes, steroids, and alkaloids.

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Sex Ratio, Fecundity, Maturity and Spawning Details of Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton) from Gosthani Estuary Near Visakhapatnam

-- P Sankara Rao and L M Rao

The sex ratio of Glossogobius giuris studied for over one year period, shows the male to female ratio as 1: 0.59. Seven maturity stages have been recognized and the size at first maturity is observed at 103 mm in females and at 114 mm in males. GSI values and ova diameter polygons suggest prolonged breeding season from August to January with its peak in the month of September. The logarithmic relationship between fecundity and total length, body weight and ovary weight have also been established. Fecundity varies from 9,380 to 293,664, and the mean fecundity is 113,030 in fish of 76 mm to 273 mm total length.

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Some Specific Aspects of Leaf Physiology of the Unique Inland Mangrove Avicennia officinalis L. Vegetation of Kachchh Dist., India

-- Hitesh A Solanki

This paper studies the ecophysiology of the inland grove, Avicennia officinalis L. and presents data of its leaf physiology. Leaf is the most plastic part of the plant, and its chemical composition is affected by both hereditary, physiological and environmental factors. Leaf analysis affords an indicator for edaphic and other conditions, which is, therefore, used to assess soil conditions, fertilizer requirements, hunger signs, and such other points in the physiology and ecology of plants. As revealed by CO213C -24.1%) values, the plant exhibits Calvin cycle, i.e., it is a C3 plant.

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Impairment of Immunoadhesion of Molluscan Hemocytes Exposed to Azadirachtin

-- Suman Mukherje, Mitali Ray and Sajal Ray

Lamellidens marginalis (Bivalvia: Eulamellibranchiata) is a freshwater edible mollusc distributed in the wetland of different districts of West Bengal. The natural habitat of this species is under risk of contamination by multineem, a newly introduced azadirachtin-based (limonoid) pesticide. The hemocyte of Lamellidens marginalis is an immunoeffector cell of hemolymph, capable of discriminating self and nonself surface by immunoadhesion. Glass surface adhesion of hemocytes were screened against 0.03 ppm, 0.06 ppm, and 0.09 ppm of azadirachtin for different spans of exposure. The surface adhesion property of hemocytes decreased against all the concentrations tested. The data is indicative of impairment in immunological response of Lamellidens marginalis in its natural habitat, leading to a decrease in the population size.

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Trace Metal (Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu) Accumulation in Green and Brown Algae

-- Palpandi C, K Kesavan and A Shanmugam

This paper studies the levels of trace metals (Fe, Mg, Zn and Cu) in Sargassam wightii, and Ulva reticulata from Kanniyakumari and Vellar estuary. The accumulation of trace metals was in the order of Mg > Fe > Zn > Cu in both species of algae. For both the species, Mg recorded a maximum value, whereas Ca recorded the minimum. In S. wightii the highest value recorded in Mg was (65.04 ± 1.1 ppm) and the lowest in Cu was (1.448 ± 0.01 ppm) on dry weight basis. In U. reticulata, the maximum accumulation of Mg was (135.3 ± 1.9 ppm) and minimum of Cu was (0.446 ± 0.002 ppm). Comparing the two species of algae, U. reticulata showed the accumulation of higher concentrations because of the estuarine environment.

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Sex Determination Mechanisms Encountered in Invertebrates: A Short Review Based on Three Model Organisms

-- Manolakou Panagiota,
Angelopoulou Roxani and Lavranos Giagkos

Sex determination in the animal kingdom is as complex and variable as its many species. For invertebrate organisms, however, three basic mechanisms draw most of our current scientific interest, and are thus considered representative. For the insect order of Hymenoptera, the choice lies between uniparental haploid males and biparental diploid females, originating from unfertilized and fertilized eggs accordingly, a mechanism also known as single-locus Complementary Sex Determination (sl-CSD). Relevant information has recently been obtained by the extensive study of genetic sex determination in the honeybee. On the other hand, for Dipterans and Drosophila melanogaster, sex is determined by the ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes and the sex switching gene, sxl. Another model organism whose sex depends on the X:A ratio, Caenorhabditis elegans, has furthermore to provide for the brief period of spermatogenesis in hermaphrodites (XX) without the benefit of the "male" genes of the sex determination pathway. Thus, the nematodes are also an important tool for the study of sex-specific genes, some of which are, at least partially, homologous to genes also observed in vertebrates. Some of the latter have been associated with sex determination and differentiation in other species as well, which supports the theory of a common evolution for the modern animal kingdom and reservation of the qualities of some basic genetic domains. This is a three-fold comparative review concerning the basic molecular patterns of sex determination in invertebrate species, according to the most recent research findings in this field.

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Impact of Mangrove Leaves on Meiofaunal Density: An Experimental Approach

-- G Chinnadurai and O J Fernando

An experiment was conducted at the Vellar estuary to investigate the impact of mangrove leaves on meiofaunal density for a period of 32 days. It was observed that immediately after the next day of the experiment, meiofaunal abundance was observed more in areas with Avicennia marina leaves than the control, while in areas with Rhizophora apiculata leaves, the density was always less than the control. Increase in the meiofaunal density was observed at sites with A. marina leaves, compared to R. apiculata leaves due to a difference in leaf degradation wih respect to time. Maximum density occurred in relation to the type of leaf buried with a time lag. Thus, it appears that leaf type affects the abundance and composition of the meiofauna depending on the associated microfauna which may be their food; or biochemical changes which may interfere with their physiological functioning; or leachates ,which may themselves act as toxins. The differences in the texture and quality of the mangrove plant determine the composition and abundance of the meiofaunal populations.

Article Price : Rs.50

Antibacterial Activity of the Crude Leaf and Stem Bark Extracts of Alstonia venenata R. Br

-- Scott J Williams and Thankamani V

Alstonia venenata R. Br, a member of family Apocynaceae is known for its medicinal value and considered as a powerful antidote for poisonous snake bites. The antibacterial effect of the crude leaf and stem bark extracts in solvent systems like hexane, benzene, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water were investigated. The isopropanol and methanol crude leaf extracts and benzene stem bark extract showed significant antibacterial activity against pathogens and Bacillus sps. The crude leaf extracts, which showed biological activity were fractionated and active compounds identified by thin layer, and column chromatography and other qualitative methods. They consisted of alkaloids, sterols, sterol glycosides and other polyphenols. All were analyzed for antibacterial properties.

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Antibacterial activity of Ethanol Extracts and Total Alkaloids of Datura stramonium and Ruta graveolens

-- B Bayoud, S E Djilani,
B Legseir, M R Ouahrani and A Djilani

Researches have established that the extracts of certain plants exhibit antibacterial properties. The present work examines the potential of two such plants growing in Algeria having natural antibacterial properties. For the assessment of inhibitory effects of the ethanolic extracts and total alkaloids of aerial parts of Datura stramonium and Ruta graveolens against four microbial species: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the in vitro disc diffusion method was used. The results obtained showed a significant zone of lysis, and a good activity against the selected strains of microorganisms, hence leading to the conclusion that these plants would serve as sources of new antibacterial agents.

Article Price : Rs.50
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Automated Teller Machines (ATMs): The Changing Face of Banking in India

Bank Management
Information and communication technology has changed the way in which banks provide services to its customers. These days the customers are able to perform their routine banking transactions without even entering the bank premises. ATM is one such development in recent years, which provides remote banking services all over the world, including India. This paper analyzes the development of this self-service banking in India based on the secondary data.

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is playing a very important role in the progress and advancement in almost all walks of life. The deregulated environment has provided an opportunity to restructure the means and methods of delivery of services in many areas, including the banking sector. The ICT has been a focused issue in the past two decades in Indian banking. In fact, ICTs are enabling the banks to change the way in which they are functioning. Improved customer service has become very important for the very survival and growth of banking sector in the reforms era. The technological advancements, deregulations, and intense competition due to the entry of private sector and foreign banks have altered the face of banking from one of mere intermediation to one of provider of quick, efficient and customer-friendly services. With the introduction and adoption of ICT in the banking sector, the customers are fast moving away from the traditional branch banking system to the convenient and comfort of virtual banking. The most important virtual banking services are phone banking, mobile banking, Internet banking and ATM banking. These electronic channels have enhanced the delivery of banking services accurately and efficiently to the customers. The ATMs are an important part of a bank’s alternative channel to reach the customers, to showcase products and services and to create brand awareness. This is reflected in the increase in the number of ATMs all over the world. ATM is one of the most widely used remote banking services all over the world, including India. This paper analyzes the growth of ATMs of different bank groups in India.
International Scenario

If ATMs are largely available over geographically dispersed areas, the benefit from using an ATM will increase as customers will be able to access their bank accounts from any geographic location. This would imply that the value of an ATM network increases with the number of available ATM locations, and the value of a bank network to a customer will be determined in part by the final network size of the banking system. The statistical information on the growth of branches and ATM network in select countries.

Indian Scenario

The financial services industry in India has witnessed a phenomenal growth, diversification and specialization since the initiation of financial sector reforms in 1991. Greater customer orientation is the only way to retain customer loyalty and withstand competition in the liberalized world. In a market-driven strategy of development, customer preference is of paramount importance in any economy. Gone are the days when customers used to come to the doorsteps of banks. Now the banks are required to chase the customers; only those banks which are customercentric and extremely focused on the needs of their clients can succeed in their business today.

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