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Finance
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The IUP Journal of Financial Risk Management
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In the first paper of this issue, “Price Gouging of Futures on Commodity Indices in India”, the authors, G Naresh, S Thiyagarajan and S Mahalakshmi, note that market participants in derivatives market will continue to make wild speculation because their only goal is to make profit, and the more artificial demand they create, the more commodity prices will rise artificially away from the levels justified by the market fundamentals. Hence, the price in the futures market is not based on actual supply and demand figures. The government suspends futures trading in commodities as soon as it suspects that such trading may affect adversely the prices of those commodities to the detriment of one or the other class of society. However, the government regularly fails to find a solution to the price gouging in commodities. But one must look at what actions can be taken in the short run in order to stabilize the economy in the long run. The chequered futures trading in commodities only leads to suspicion among the practitioners, market participants, policy makers, economists and academicians too. Thus, the authors try to find out whether the algorithmic trading in futures contracts is seriously affecting the underlying spot contracts whereby the futures prices cause the underlying spot prices in Indian commodities market, by using Panel Cointegration and Error Correction Models.

The second paper, “The Relationship Between Exchange Rate and Stock Price in India: An Empirical Study”, by Gurmeet Singh, investigates the relationships between exchange rate and stock price over the period January 2007 to March 2014. NIFTY is used as the indicator of stock prices. Johansen’s cointegration and Granger causality test have been applied to explore the long-run and short-run equilibrium relationship between exchange rate and stock price. The analysis reveals that exchange rate and stock price are cointegrated and hence a long-run equilibrium relationship exists between them. It is observed that the exchange rate and NIFTY as indicators of stock price are positively related to each other. The exchange rate is found to be significant in determining stock price and stock price significantly affects exchange rate. In the Granger causality sense, exchange rate Granger-causes stock price and stock price Granger-causes exchange rate, or there is bi-directional causality between exchange rate and stock price in both long run and short run.

The third paper, “Capital Asset Pricing Model and Industry Effect: Evidence from Indian Market”, by Shweta Bajpai and A K Sharma, provides a new factor of industry effect to explain asset pricing, in addition to several other factors explained in the past. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is the fundamental model for asset pricing. In addition to the systematic risk, various factors (size effect, leverage effect, E/P ratio effect, liquidity effect, etc.) have been considered in the recent and advanced models (like Fama-French model and Carhart model). The dummy variable regression method is used, which helps in explaining the service and non-service industry effect on asset pricing. The sample of this study contains daily return of 290 stocks of NSE CNX 500 index for 10 years. For correction of nonsynchronous trading error in the beta, the adjusted beta calculated with the help of Dimson model is used. The analysis is conducted separately for before the financial crisis and after the financial crisis. This study confirms the presence of industry effect in the return generating process of stocks in the Indian equity market. The study elaborates the interactive effect of beta and industry factor.

Cash management is the management of a company’s short-term resources for its ongoing activities. Cash management is related to the well-known concept of Treasury Management which emphasizes on liquidity by different factors and processes for increasing profitability. Ineffective management of cash may lead the company to bankruptcy. The last paper, “The Impact of Credit Risk on Cash Management: A Study on FMCG Sector”, by Somnath Das, highlights the factors which can be controlled for the management of corporate cash of a company. The factors are Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC), Cash Holding and Credit Risk. The study uses the model developed by Richards and Laughlin (1980). It measures the relationship between CCC and CR, DTR, ITR and CTR, and also the impact of RONW, size of the organization and cumulative profitability on CCC. Using data from FMCG sector, the paper measures the impact of credit score on cash conversion cycle and cash holding for better cash management.

-Nupur Pavan Bang
Consulting Editor
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Automated Teller Machines (ATMs): The Changing Face of Banking in India

Bank Management
Information and communication technology has changed the way in which banks provide services to its customers. These days the customers are able to perform their routine banking transactions without even entering the bank premises. ATM is one such development in recent years, which provides remote banking services all over the world, including India. This paper analyzes the development of this self-service banking in India based on the secondary data.

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is playing a very important role in the progress and advancement in almost all walks of life. The deregulated environment has provided an opportunity to restructure the means and methods of delivery of services in many areas, including the banking sector. The ICT has been a focused issue in the past two decades in Indian banking. In fact, ICTs are enabling the banks to change the way in which they are functioning. Improved customer service has become very important for the very survival and growth of banking sector in the reforms era. The technological advancements, deregulations, and intense competition due to the entry of private sector and foreign banks have altered the face of banking from one of mere intermediation to one of provider of quick, efficient and customer-friendly services. With the introduction and adoption of ICT in the banking sector, the customers are fast moving away from the traditional branch banking system to the convenient and comfort of virtual banking. The most important virtual banking services are phone banking, mobile banking, Internet banking and ATM banking. These electronic channels have enhanced the delivery of banking services accurately and efficiently to the customers. The ATMs are an important part of a bank’s alternative channel to reach the customers, to showcase products and services and to create brand awareness. This is reflected in the increase in the number of ATMs all over the world. ATM is one of the most widely used remote banking services all over the world, including India. This paper analyzes the growth of ATMs of different bank groups in India.
International Scenario

If ATMs are largely available over geographically dispersed areas, the benefit from using an ATM will increase as customers will be able to access their bank accounts from any geographic location. This would imply that the value of an ATM network increases with the number of available ATM locations, and the value of a bank network to a customer will be determined in part by the final network size of the banking system. The statistical information on the growth of branches and ATM network in select countries.

Indian Scenario

The financial services industry in India has witnessed a phenomenal growth, diversification and specialization since the initiation of financial sector reforms in 1991. Greater customer orientation is the only way to retain customer loyalty and withstand competition in the liberalized world. In a market-driven strategy of development, customer preference is of paramount importance in any economy. Gone are the days when customers used to come to the doorsteps of banks. Now the banks are required to chase the customers; only those banks which are customercentric and extremely focused on the needs of their clients can succeed in their business today.

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