Published Online:October 2025
Product Name:The IUP Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Product Type:Article
Product Code:IJEEE021025
DOI:10.71329/IUPJEEE/2025.18.4.51-74
Author Name:Jafar Alabi Zubair, Olusola Sayeed Ayoola and Abdul Rasak Zubair
Availability:YES
Subject/Domain:Engineering
Download Format:PDF
Pages:51-74
Photovoltaic (PV) systems have limitations due to the inconsistent output characteristics of solar cells under changing weather and load variations. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) digital control schemes are used to ensure that the PV system is continually operating at its maximum power point (MPP). The existing Classical Perturb and Observe (CP&O) MPPT digital controllers have limitations of slow convergence and oscillations. The introduction of a mitigation scheme against poor convergence and oscillations led to the development of an Adaptive Perturb and Observe (AP&O) MPPT Digital Controller. The mitigation scheme involves the use of a new guess value of the Duty Ratio (D) of the Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) when ever the Duty Ratio attempts to go beyond the range 0D1. The time taken to achieve convergence are found to be 1.304875 s and 0.0392 s for the CP&O and the AP&O respectively. The convergence time for the AP&O is remarkable compared to 0.255 s and 0.253 s reported in the literature. The AP&O MPPT Digital Controller with the mitigation scheme performed satisfactorily. The efficiency or the ratio of load power to PV array power is found to be 96.50%. PV array power and load power are found to increase with irradiance. Changes in initial constants are found to have no effect on the MPP values and time taken to converge to or reach MPP. Oscillations have been eliminated. High tracking accuracy and speed have been achieved.
Global energy production has been continuously increasing to meet the growing electricity needs of society and industry, with most of the energy produced from fossil fuels (Maguire, 2023; UNO, 2024).