The Impact of Trust and Integrity on Police Performance and Community Happiness: The Mediating Role of Procedural Justice

Mohammed Abdul Nayeem*
Associate Professor, Department of OB & HR, IBS Hyderabad (Under IFHE - A Deemed to be University u/s 3 of the UGC Act, 1956), Hyderabad, Telangana, India. E-mail: nayeem@ibsindia.org

This review explores the impact of trust and integrity on police performance and community happiness and the mediating role of procedural justice in the context of Telangana police. The relationship among the variables is established through a systematic literature review and accordingly, the research gaps are also identified. A conceptual framework is also presented to study the relationships. A mixed-method approach to validate the relationship in question through the collection of data is also suggested, hoping it would provide theoretical and practical implications and recommendations on making community policing more effective in generating community happiness.

Introduction

The Government of Telangana has in place a citizens' charter to cater to the needs of the people by making people-friendly police that determine government policies, strategies, and services that would harness the virtues of positive lifestyle and well-being in the community and a plan to develop happiness index to measure people's satisfaction (Telangana Police Portal, 2019). The government has placed much importance on the happiness of the communities, and community policing is one of the ways expected to achieve it. The State follows a strategic vision of the State police concerning community happiness and has initiated a wide spectrum of initiatives to achieve it. In the State, community policing is employed to promote successful models that bring collaboration between police and communities to address community concerns and ensure that the police respond to the needs of the public in general, thus ensuring that trust and integrity are developed for improved security.

A lot of research has been done on community policing in terms of how close the police are to the community, the best practices, the effect on crime rates, external strategies and security. However, there is still a need to investigate the effect of community policing at a general and very crucial level, that of community happiness, a concept which has evolved in the Telangana context from "satisfaction".

Many researchers have explored the dynamics between police and ordinary people (Hajek et al., 2008a and 2008b; Brown, 2020; Kumar et al., 2020; and Lauf and Waseem, 2020). This study is an attempt to investigate the impact of police trust and integrity on performance on the one hand, and their effects on community happiness and the mediating role of procedural justice.

Specifically, the study seeks to:

• Assess the extent to which community police trust affects community happiness in Telangana.
• Examine the extent to which community police integrity affects community happiness in Telangana.
• Examine the relationship between community police performance and community happiness in Telangana.
• Evaluate how procedural justice mediates the effect of relationship between trust/integrity and community happiness in Telangana.

Literature Review
This study aims to evaluate the impact of police integrity, trust and performance on community happiness, and as such the review of literature deals with these concepts and constructs, as well as with any previous research undertaken linking them.

Community Policing
Community policing is hailed as one of the modern interactive phenomena between the police and the public at large, especially when the community is a combination of diverse population consisting of different nationalities and diaspora. This interaction enables viable communication between both the police and the community. While it promotes harmony and trust, it also helps maintain law and order in the country by participatory democratic process. Community policing also creates a general sense of wellbeing, promotes a sense of empowerment, greater adherence to local laws, and ensures community level conformity (Druskat and Wheeler, 2004; and Turner, 2020)

Trust
According to Mayer et al. (1995; quoted in Dirks and Ferrin, 2001), the trustor evaluates the trustee on his or her "capacity (ability, aptitude or proficiency to be able to do the task), altruism (intention to be of service to the trustor), and honesty". Similarly, Mayer and Gavin (2005) studied the connection between trust over each source of information and found that source credibility also impacted the creation of trust. The researchers also associated trust with the abilities of the trustor to believe and have faith (Mayer and Gavin, 2005). According to Yakovleva et al. (2010), the connection between the inclination to trust and trust is mediated by reliability (Srivastava et al., 2020; and Malone and Dammert, 2021). Other researchers proposed that trust prompts chance-taking in a relationship (Colquitt et al, 2007; and Lowatcharin and Stallmann, 2020) and that it dictates the intention or "readiness to be defenseless". According to this perception of trust, people in power and authority, like the police people, are likely to inspire trust if they appear responsible, share data, not verify, and extend respect to others.

Kochel and Skogan (2021) examined some of the recommendations of 21st Century policing on how police trust brings a culture of transparency and accountability in the system. The data for the study was collected from 841 residents of Chicago. The policing events and police transparency and accountability were known to the residents. The authors tried to ascertain from the participants whether the claims by the police in increasing transparency and accountability had any impact on the African-American population living in Chicago and their perception about police transparency and accountability. The findings revealed that the trust in police increased by almost 21% among the African-American residents; on the other hand, the White residents became more negative about the police in Chicago by almost 62%. Reforms in the police do bring positive changes in society.

In another study, Mourtgos et al. (2020) looked at police trust in the public, which is totally different from the earlier studies where the focus was on the public's trust in police. The authors used Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman's model of trust to conduct the study in two parts. The study used its own scale, as one of the objectives was to create its own scale for measuring police trust in the public. The data was collected from 990 police officers in the US. The job performance of the police officers was also evaluated as part of the study. The results from the study showed that police officers had greater trust in the public and engaged in more proactive action and did their job well. The study provided a lot of insights into police-public relationships.

Integrity
Integrity has been defined variously in literature, but the one definition that is employed in the context of police is that it applies to the police organization as a whole and individual police personnel as well. According to this definition, integrity comprises the normative inclination to not fall into the temptation of abusing their rights or privileges and refrain from misusing their authority and power. In the same manner, according to Klockars et al. (2007), integrity consists of having the ability to willingly reflect on and discuss police conduct that borders on corruption or abuse. To ensure organizational integrity, four dimensions need to be taken into account-the formation of rules and regulations to inculcate discipline is of primary importance and hence these rules were framed to check on violations. This approach underlines the role of organizational culture (setting rules, managing investigations and disciplinary procedures, and creating an environment where misconduct is readily reported and punished). However, Klockars et al. (2007) also emphasized that police integrity is linked with the community outcomes since the community and the public have certain expectations from the police related to ethical conduct and integrity.

Integrity means that trust is based on the belief that the police are always in control of the community circumstances and that the community members have the right and chance to discuss things they doubt or are worried about with the police. Trust is considered as an essential part of having integrity-the community can trust a police organization that has shown honesty, commitment, and reliability. In the same manner, integrity is a reflection of how much pride the police organization or the police person has in their job, as well as how inclined they are to help others by responding on time and exhibiting intention to change their schedules to meet the needs of the others.

Klockars et al. (2000) based their research on the premise that trust and integrity are not related to an individual police person's moral conduct, but are rooted in the organizational culture. The research was conducted among 30 US police agencies, and based on interviews of police personnel that asked them to give their personal opinions about 11 hypothetical cases of police misconduct. The researchers developed their findings based on how the officers reacted to the cases in terms of how serious they considered the misconduct and how ready they were to report it and support punishment. The researchers found that when the officers rated misconduct as serious, they were likely to agree to report it and to support any ensuing punishment. The researchers concluded that it was the organizational culture and environment that determined which offense was considered by the police personnel as serious and which was considered as minor-and as such suggested the role that leaders and supervisors in the police organization can exercise in developing a suitable culture. It is by developing clear agency rules and communicating them actively to all police personnel and enforcing conformity at the ground level that police organizations can ensure integrity (Klockars et al., 2000).

In a similar research aimed at exploring the conditions of police offers in post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), researchers investigated the problems related to integrity (Ivkoviae and Shelley, 2005). The research used 451 police offers to evaluate several hypothetical cases of police misconduct. It was found that organizational culture was linked with the officers' understanding of which offense was serious and which was not, and hence they follow up the behavior of whether to report or not to report. The researchers found that petty misconducts like the use of excessive force were likely to be reported rather than opportunistic thefts by fellow officers according to the code of silence shared by the personnel.

Huberts et al. (2007) found that integrity and ethical conduct among police officers was linked with the leadership styles of their supervisors. The researchers were able to link nine types of violations with three distinct leadership styles in the research that was conducted among 2,130 police officers from The Netherlands. The results indicated that ethical misconduct within interpersonal relationships was reduced if the leaders modeled ethical behavior, while strictness was able to curb fraud, misuse of resources, and corruption.

Police Performance
The location and the political structure impact the ability of the police to act as the instrument to implement the law, and hence the police performance is quite characterized by the character of the law that authorizes the police action. This prompts different policing capacities as well as inclinations in various social orders, and different regions. Also, more often than not, actual police work depends on the conventional and casual social constructs that may exist in the society like local superstitions, religions, taboos, shared esteems, moral models, and traditions. While ideally, detached policing is expected, where the members of the police force can take a completely objective approach, but in practical situations it is rare. Moreover, detached policing is considered to be rather insensitive and may cause more harm in multi-cultural societies (Paoline and Gau, 2020).

Reformatory policing is another approach to police work that presumes that individuals are dissuaded from wrongdoing as long as discipline is extreme. Preventive policing is another way to ensure that crimes do not happen, and it may require greater interaction of the police with the community and other governmental agencies and a shared approach to crime prevention. Police performance may also be reactive where a specific part of the force is kept on stand-by to intervene in case of crisis, including medical emergencies and natural disasters. An extreme form of policing is seen in authoritarian regimes, where the police department has used an instrument for oppression. However, in most states, police personnel are deployed for ensuring the protection of life and property, but they may also be authorized to carry out tasks like regulation of trade licenses, overseeing inoculation, or enforcing minimum wages or work hours (Murphy et al., 2015) state that police in Western society restrict themselves to averting wrongdoing, keeping up open request, playing out a scope for administration, directing activity, gathering political knowledge, and recognizing lawbreakers. Corsaro et al. (2015) nonetheless state that as in the case of the United Kingdom the scenario of police and citizens is different from that of other European countries. There have been attempts by the police to educate UK citizens and expatriates about their rights. In Scandinavian countries and Japan, police also play additional duties like being neighborhood specialists. Also, there are differences in the amount of weaponization of the police force in different countries (Ransley and Mazerolle, 2009).

Banerjee et al. (2021) studied Rajasthan, India, police to know whether the skilled police officers identify the practices that are optimal in government institutions or not? Using a large-scale randomized trial of the police, the authors tested the relationship with four interventions and these interventions were also recommended by the police officers. A fifth intervention was also created by incentivizing staff to improve service. The findings from the study showed that only two of the five interventions have an impact (Singh and Kumari, 2020). Other interventions were not proved to be effective. The conclusion from the study was that management reforms do improve policing, but skilled managers do struggle to know the optimal interventions.

Community Happiness
According to Dennis et al, (2016), "The most immediate and possibly dependable estimation of happiness in the community is to watch and measure a full range of feeling reactions commonly connected with satisfaction among people without incapacities, for example, grinning, snickering, and expanded development amid engagement with things and exercises." Further, the authors explore the idea of community happiness: "Watching reactions of people amid times of everyday exercises can likewise be utilized to gauge misery with records, for example, crying, pushing without end, and shouting. The reaction should be direct, generalizable, with conceivable clear face legitimacy, and indicating dispassionately characterized reactions normally connected with satisfaction."

Hoeve et al. (2021) looked at the mindfulness of police officers to increase awareness of the knowledge of mindfulness among police officers and the potential mechanism to understand the changes in stress. The data was collected using self-report measures through a quasi-experimental design for a group with a 6-week baseline period. The study used SEM to analyze whether changes in mindfulness are associated with changes in stress levels. The authors found police officers' stress improved with mindfulness awareness including other outcomes like sleep disturbances, happiness, and workability; on the other hand, the work-related outcomes did not change.

Procedural Justice
The importance of procedural justice has been confirmed by studies in different countries (for example, Sargeant et al., 2020; and Nalla and Nam, 2020) and among many ethnic groups (for example, Qureshi et al., 2020). Mourtgos (2020) has played an important role in conceptualizing and anchoring the relationship between procedural justice and people's trust in law enforcement.

Meta-analytic reviews of organizational justice studies have made it clear that procedural justice influences quite a number of employees' attitudes; among them is trust (Qusaeshi et al., 2020).

Jonathan-Zamir et al. (2021) investigated interpersonal interactions with police officers and specific individuals, using qualitative data, and in-depth interviews with specific individuals who encountered police officers as protestors, to know the role of procedural justice. The authors identified four concerns: respect for the existence and cause of the group, partnership with the group, recognizing the individual within the group and displaying the "right" motivation with group-level treatment. The notion of fairness is entrenched in the authorities' way of treating the people at large.

Procedural justice mediates the relationship between police trust, integrity, and performance and community happiness.

Research Questions

1. What is the effect of community police trust on community happiness in Telangana?
2. What is the effect of community police integrity on community happiness in Telangana?
3. What is the effect of community police performance on community happiness in Telangana?
4. Does procedural justice mediate the effect of relationship between trust/integrity and community happiness in Telangana?

The whole idea is to explore the above research questions and develop hypotheses to test the relationship.

Conceptual Framework
Based on the research gaps and research questions, the following conceptual framework is presented and can be empirically examined later with data collection to establish the relationship between trust, integrity, and performance and community happiness. Procedural justice mediates the relationship between trust, integrity and performance. The framework expects that trust and integrity positively influence the performance of police. Performance, in turn, influences community happiness (Figure 1).

Proposed Methodology
This study proposes to use a descriptive as well as an explanatory study approach and to deploy a mixed research process where both qualitative and quantitative data should be analyzed. This is in keeping with the requirements in social sciences research that emphasizes taking into consideration all aspects of the situation (Mackey and Gass, 2015; and Creswell and Creswell, 2017). Descriptive statistics is all about describing the phenomena in detail and explaining the problems of a study, but it goes beyond the simple description and explains the variables used in the study. And as such, it is most suitable to find answers to the research questions framed by the author and has the quality to investigate the 5Ws and H. The descriptive study aims to explain and describe the phenomena without having to delve into why part of the study is in a given context (McNabb, 2017). As such, the proposed study should employ an explanatory stance as well, which will enable the author to arrive at the reasons for the relationship between the selected research variables. The proposed study will attempt to describe the relationship between theTelangana community's happiness and three variables-community policing integrity, community policing trust, and community police performance, as well as to explain/find reasons behind those relationships, and as such, statistical data, as well as qualitative data, should be suitable for inclusion in the study to capture both the incidence of these relationships and the reasons for them.

The proposed study should use both quantitative and qualitative methods, and be able to overcome the limitation so that either method can yield a more relevant and comprehensive set of data (Kumar, 2005). Quantitative methods enable the collection of data that can be used to test the strength of the relationship between the variables, while qualitative methods are used to understand the quality and nature of the relationship between the variables (Creswell and Creswell, 2017). As such, the study could use a quantitative survey as well as qualitative interviews. Triangulation should be used to combine the two data streams into one study.

The proposed study should use a sequential explanatory design. This approach helps in the collection of two diverse data streams sequentially so that the data collected from one stream (more specifically, from the quantitative stream) can be further explained and understood in the light of the second stream of collected data (qualitative data). In the design of the proposed study, qualitative measures and results help the author to explain the phenomena more deeply using the help of the statistical tools that are significant in quantitative techniques including the demographic variables under the proposed study (Creswell and Creswell, 2017). As such, the proposed study would first follow the quantitative data collection design and then move on to the qualitative research design. The target sample/population for the proposed study (for both quantitative and qualitative streams of data collection) has to be selected from the 31 districts of Telangana state, India.

Sample Selection Technique
Quantitative sampling should be done in a random manner, where each item is selected purely based on chance, using the roll of dice and selection of target respondents' names from the list. This ensures that each respondent has an equal chance of inclusion, and hence the resultant sample is truly representative of the entire population. Qualitative sampling should be done using a non-random approach in the form of purposive sampling and snowball sampling. This is in keeping with the nature of the study as explanatory and to ensure that participants are knowledgeable and are able to provide credible and relevant information that can help answer the research questions. A pilot survey should be conducted with an adequate sample size to help establish the exploratory nature of the relationship and reliability and validity of the instruments measures.

Multiple regression analysis should be used on the quantitative stream of data to assess the relationship between the dependent variable and independent variables selected for the proposed study. Multiple regression is to be used since it is a suitable tool for assessing the strength of the relationship between variables. The relationship between different aspects of one variable, such as happiness, and other variables should be analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), providing statistical information regarding the levels of variance within the regression model. The use of the F-test determines the significance of the overall regression model to determine if the independent variables are significantly related to the dependent variable. A Bonferroni correction is used to correct family-wise Type I error rate. To test the results of the ANOVA, additional analysis using Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANCOVA) may be conducted.

The proposed study should also make use of descriptive and inferential statistics, using the SPSS software. The data should be screened for normality with skewness and kurtosis statistics, which are to be calculated through the descriptive statistics analysis function in SPSS. If the skewness or kurtosis values computed in SPSS were to be greater than +1, they would be considered outside the range of normality.

Expected Outcome of the Study
The proposed study has several theoretical and practical implications. Not many academic works have been done in the Indian context, therefore, this study brings out various concepts in police trust, integrity, performance, and community happiness and their relationship with each other that may be useful to the researchers.

The development of a comprehensive model (post data analysis) in the proposed study would help in a better understanding of the subject matter and would open new horizons to explore further:

• It can help in bridging the gap between police service and perception of the public about police.
• It can bring trust back into the system and help in the smooth running of the State administration.
• The implementation of policies at the State level can be recommended to the other states to emulate, thus bringing down the overall crime rate in the country.
• Community policing helps people to build public trust and might change the perceptions of the public about the police.

Conclusion
This exploratory study is a result of various sources of information and a review of literature on police trust, integrity, performance, and community happiness. Through the literature survey, it has been established that police trust and integrity plays an important role in their performance, bringing community happiness. The role of procedural justice as mediating variable is also well researched in the area of trust and performance.

This study is exploratory in nature, and it has not collected primary data to draw major conclusions. Therefore, it is important that the future studies collect the data to prove the research questions. In conclusion, the study contributes to the overall understanding of police trust, integrity, performance, and community happiness. With trust in place, the public can have faith in the police for protection and other administration purposes. A good governance mechanism can also be achieved through public-police healthy relationships.

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